Voilà un sujet que je n’ai encore jamais abordé sur ce blog : les vampires. Et il était temps ! Puisse qu’il s’agit de ma créature surnaturelle préférée. Mais attention ! Lorsque je parle de vampires, je parle de la créature inventée par le mouvement Romantique au XIXème siècle, et quelques rares vampires plus contemporains – notamment aux Chroniques de Vampires de Anne Rice (mon auteure préférée en la matière). Malheureusement je n’accroche absolument pas aux vampires qu’on nous sert tant et plus dans les séries TV et films contemporain.e.s, ni leur représentation dans la littérature Young Adult (oui, c’est toi que je pointe de mon doigt crochu Twilight).
Quelle ne fut pas ma joie, donc, d’apprendre que Kathryn Harkup (une vulgarisatrice scientifique que j’adore, mais malheureusement toujours pas traduite en français) avait publié tout un bouquin sur mes chauve-souris magiques préférées.
A l’instar de Carla Valentine (auteure de Murder Isn’t Easy chroniqué ici-même), Harkup décortique des oeuvres et/ou figures populaires fictionnelles et les passe sous le microscope implacable de la science. Ainsi, elle nous propose un tour d’horizon, à la fois historique et scientifique, de sujets comme : Frankenstein, Shakespeare, James Bond et Agatha Christie.
Dans Vampirology elle s’attaque à l’une des créatures les plus populaires du genre horrifique : le vampire !
Les Origines
Quand on pense aux vampires, on pense à un homme ou une femme immortel.le, très séduisant.e, aux canines longues et pointues dormant dans des cercueils. Mais ça, c’est l’image façonnée par les auteurs européens romantiques du XIXème siècle. Quant au terme « vampire », lui, il n’apparait qu’au XVIII siècle en Europe.
La figure du vampire n’a rien de moderne. Ce que Harkup décrit comme « vampires folkloriques » sont des créatures ou divinités qui peuplaient les croyances humaines bien avant notre ère ! Prenons l’exemple de Lilith, première femme d’Adam, décrite comme un monstre suceur de sang dans la mythologie juive. Ou encore le Edimmu, une créature maléfique, vivant la nuit, et drainant le liquide vitale des Assyriens et Babyloniens.
On retrouve des figures similaires dans de nombreuses croyances à travers le monde et les âges. Chacune répondant au besoin d’explication de la mort subite d’un être humain ou une maladie touchant plusieurs membres d’une même communauté.
Ces créatures sont le fruit de superstitions, d’un manque de connaissances sur le monde. Esprits, animaux gigantesques, monstres… elles n’avaient rien d’humain, prenant plutôt des apparences terrifiantes.
Mais répertorier toutes ces apparitions folkloriques serait impossible. Il y en a beaucoup trop. C’est pour cette raison que Harkup nous prévient : dans cet ouvrage elle se concentre uniquement sur les « vampires européens ».
L’Europe
Ah… notre chère Europe. Elle n’a pas seulement été le berceau des Lumières mais aussi celui d’une superstition qui a défié les âges, celle du vampire.
Si je vous dis upir, oupyr, vapir… vous avez peut-être déjà entendu l’un de ces termes quelque part. Provenant d’Europe de l’est, ils sont l’origine étymologique du mot vampire, introduit du serbo-croate au XVIIIème siècle. Malgré une dénomination commune, ces créatures n’avaient rien à voir avec un Lestat ou plus récemment un Edward Cullen. Elles ressemblaient davantage au Nosferatu de Murnau.
Il faut attendre le XIXème siècle et les Romantiques anglais pour que le vampire moderne prenne vie. Harkup nous apprend que le vampire dandy qui se mêle à la société humaine nous vient de Lord Ruthven, créature inventés par Polidori au bord du lac de Genève un soir d’été de 1816 en compagnie de Lord Byron, Percy et Mary Shelley (Frankenstein et les vampires seraient donc cousins !). L’auteur c’est d’ailleurs librement inspiré de Byron pour la description physique de son personnage.
L’image du vampire remise au goût du jour, elle a été reprise par de nombreux artistes et notamment le plus connu : Bram Stoker avec son roman épistolaire Dracula. C’est grâce lui que la créature de la nuit est devenue un phénomène de mode apparaissant sur des tableaux, au théâtre puis au cinéma.
Le vampire pourrait-il vraiment exister ?
C’est en fait à cette question qu’essaie de répondre Kathryn Harkup dans Vampirology, ou en tout cas est-ce un prétexte à l’écriture de ce livre. Puisque nous sommes tous conscient que le vampire n’est qu’un être imaginaire, Harkup s’amuse avec cette créature pour nous parler de tout un tas de sujets scientifiques : décomposition de cadavre, médecine, sang, évolution…
Elle n’a pas peur de rentrer dans les détails tout en réussissant à les vulgariser à la perfection (je le sais parce que j’ai tout compris, c’est dire!).
Harkup ne se contente pas de répondre à la question de l’existence des vampires, elle fait aussi un point sur l’histoire de la médecine en Europe, sur les différentes maladies qui, inconnues alors, passaient pour des attaques de créatures maléfiques, sur les nombreux pouvoirs donnés aux vampires (leur rapidité, leur besoin de sang etc.).
Comme dans chacun de ses livres, Harkup nous livre un trésor de connaissances à la fois historiques et scientifiques qui arrivent toujours à étancher ma soif de connaissances.
Mon avis sur Vampirology
Vous l’aurez remarqué cet article traite beaucoup plus de l’aspect historique et culturel développé par Harkup que de l’aspect scientifique, et ce n’est pas un hasard.
Découvrir les origines du vampire contemporain m’a énormément passionnée. J’étais incapable de lâcher le bouquin durant la lecture de ces passages. Seulement, comparée à la partie plus scientifique, je les ai trouvés trop rares et ça m’a un peu déçue.
Je dirais que cet essai traite à 70% de sujets liés à la science et la médecine. Et malheureusement, même s’ils sont intéressants, ils n’incorporent pas suffisamment d’éléments vampiriques à mon goût. En fait, Harkup nous propose purement et simplement des cours de science dans ces passages avec une rapide conclusion reliant le tout à son sujet principal.
Contrairement à ses autres publications et notamment Making the Monster (mon préféré) sur la création de Frankenstein et la vie de Mary Shelley, Vampirology n’arrive pas à totalement associer la vulgarisation scientifiqueaux vampires. En fait, elle utilise l’excuse du vampire pour parler longuement de sujets très techniques et non l’inverse, ce qui m’a déplu.
De toutes ses oeuvres, même si celle-ci à pour objet un sujet que j’adore, est celle que j’aime le moins, justement à cause de ce souci de dosage et d’association. Et c’est vraiment dommage parce que tout est très intéressant, mais parfois on se retrouve un peu perdu à se demander ce qu’on fait ici et où sont ses satanés vampires !
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